Climatic and Environmental Characteristics of Moscow Megalopolis According to the Data of the Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory over 60 Years

N. E. Chubarova, E. I. Nezval, I. B. Belikov, E. V. Gorbarenko, I. D. Eremina, E. Yu. Zhdanova, I. A. Korneva, P. I. Konstantinov, M. A. Lokoshchenko, A. I. Skorokhod, and O. A. Shilovtseva

Analyzed are the results of meteorological and environmental measurements performed over the 60-year period (1954–2013) at the Meteorological Observatory of Lomonosov Moscow State University. The significant positive temperature trend (0.04°C/year for 1954–2013) was obtained; it in¬creased up to 0.07°C/year in 1976–2012. Considered are the features of seasonal variations of different atmospheric characteristics. Discussed are the type and causes of low-frequency changes in meteoro¬logical parameters, radiation balance components, radiation in different spectral ranges, and chemical composition of precipitation. Demonstrated are possible mechanisms of the more significant increase observed in air temperature in Moscow as compared with that in Central Federal District and their con¬nection with the greenhouse effect in the urban atmosphere.